Bits, bytes and transfer time
Network speed is usually stated in bits per second. File size is often stated in bytes. Since 1 byte = 8 bits, a 1 GB decimal file is about 8 gigabits before protocol overhead. At an ideal 100 Mbps, that file takes about 80 seconds.
CIDR and address counts
For IPv4, a /24 network has 2^(32 - 24) = 256 raw addresses. Usable host counts can be lower when network and broadcast addresses are reserved, so calculators need to show the rule being used.
Encoding is not encryption
Base64 turns binary data into text for transport or storage. URL encoding percent-encodes characters for URLs. Neither method hides data from someone who can decode it.
Electrical examples
Ohm's law is V = I x R. A 2 amp current through 6 ohms has 12 volts across the resistance. Voltage-drop estimates need wire resistance, current and length, but real electrical work also needs local code and safety review.
Use the calculators
- Download Time Calculator
- IP Subnet Calculator
- Base64 Encode / Decode
- URL Encode / Decode
- Ohm's Law Calculator
- Technical Network and Encoding Formulas
FAQ
Is Base64 encryption?
No. Base64 is encoding. Anyone can decode it if they have the encoded text.
Why does Mbps differ from MB/s?
Mbps means megabits per second. MB/s means megabytes per second. There are 8 bits in 1 byte.
References
- NIST: SI Units - Unit reference, accessed 2026-05-15.
- RFC 4632: Classless Inter-domain Routing - CIDR reference, accessed 2026-05-15.
Last reviewed: 2026-05-15.